3D-brane universe model

Ruslan A. Sharipov. 1 ... 17 18 19 ... ru The first period of development of the theory "3D-brane universe model" began in the summer of 2022 and concluded in late summer 2023. A book of the same name was published in Russian in the summer of 2024. Its English translation was published in the spring of 2025. The Russian version of the book can be downloaded here: Shr10brus.pdf . The English version is available here: Shr10beng.pdf . Why did I choose the word "development" rather than "research?" In research there is usually an object of study. The researcher influences it in all available ways and studies the results of his influence. In theory development there is a premise from which the developer builds the elements of his theory. For me this premise was the conviction that the unification of space and time in a single continuum is non-physical. The space of the universe and the matter within it are after all three-dimensional. This is exactly...

Ruslan A. Sharipov. 1 ... 16 17 18 ... ru First and foremost for me, he coined the term "superbradyon," which refers to a massive particle capable of accelerating to speeds greater than the speed of light. He coined the term in 1997 in his paper arXiv:physics/9702026 . A full list of publications by Luis González-Mestres on arXiv can be found at author:González-Mestres,L . He has a ResearchGate profile and an Academia profile . In his ResearchGate profile he states that he has been working at the CNRS , the French National Center for Scientific Research, since 1970, where he became a full-time employee in 1972. He also states that he heads the Cosmology Unit at Mngatrend University. From his Academia profile we learn that the Cosmology Unit is a laboratory, and he is its director. He describes his research as both theoretical and experimental, listing the following areas: theory of strong interactions, string models, primordial components of matter, the search for...

Ruslan A. Sharipov. 1 ... 14 15 16 ... ru The action integral for a point particle is the time integral of its Lagrangian. The Lagrangian itself is simply a function. In the case of a non-baryonic point particle, that is a dark matter particle, it is given by the formula ; This Lagrangian leads to the following equation of motion for a point particle in a gravitational field, written as a differential equation for the components of the particle's momentum covector: The formula expressing the components of the particle's momentum covector in terms of its velocity was written out earlier in the text " Lagrangian of Point Particles ". Using this formula, we can rewrite the above equation as It is seen that the particle mass m is completely absent from this equation. In the previous equation, it was explicitly present on the right-hand side and implicitly present on the left-hand side. In the equation derived from it, it has canceled out. This abbr...

Ruslan A. Sharipov. 1 ... 13 14 15 ... ru In previous texts, we discussed gravity within the framework of a new non-Einsteinian theory called the "3D-brane universe model". But besides gravity, the universe also contains matter. We've already considered matter, but only in general terms, without specifying its forms. Now we'll begin to specify them. First, we'll consider point particles. The action integral for a point particle is the time integral of its Lagrangian. The Lagrangian itself is simply a function. This distinguishes it from the field Lagrangian, which is the integral over spatial variables of the Lagrangian density. In our case, we choose the Lagrangian as follows: The index nb indicates that we have chosen a non-baryonic particle, i.e., a dark matter particle. In the case of a baryonic particle, the index nb is replaced by the index br. In this formula, m denotes the particle's rest mass, and v denotes its velocity. The quantity ...

Ruslan A. Sharipov. 1 ... 12 13 14 ... ru We continue to get acquainted with a new non-Einsteinian theory of gravity, whos name is "3D-brane universe model". This name seems like a reference to string theory and membrane theory. This is how the artificial intelligence from the Google search engine reacts to this name. However, this is an erroneous association. The "3D-brane universe model" is a purely three-dimensional theory of the universe, in which the four-dimensional spacetime serves only as a mathematical abstraction, in which various moments in the evolution of the three-dimensional universe are mapped and stacked layer by layer. In the purely three-dimensional universe the energy conservation law has a purely three-dimensional form. ; Here H is the total energy density of all fields, J is the vector of the total energy flux density of all fields. The contribution of the gravitational field to the energy density H is given by the formula Th...

Ruslan A. Sharipov.   1 ... 11 12 13 ... ru The energy conservation law is one of the fundamental laws that permeates all sections of physics. In classical field physics it has two forms: integral form and differential form. In integral form, it is written as follows: The first integral in the formula expresses the total energy contained in the volume Ω. The second integral in the formula is the energy flow through the boundary of the volume Ω. Verbally the energy conservation law is expressed as follows: the change in the amount of total energy in the volume Ω occurs only due to the energy flowing through the boundary of this volume. H in the formula of the energy conservation law denotes the total energy density of all fields, including the gravitational field. J in this formula denotes the vector of the total energy flux density of all fields, including the gravitational field. The components of this vector are numbered with the superscript i . These same quantiti...

 Ruslan Sharipov.   1 ... 10 11 12 ... ru The Lagrangian L is included in the action integral, which we considered in the previous post " The Lagrangian approach to deriving the equations of gravity in the new theory ". The Lagrangian L itself is expressed in the form of a three-dimensional integral of the Lagrangian density. As we see from these formulas, the Lagrangian density is the sum of two terms — the Lagrangian density of the gravitational field and the Lagrangian density of matter. The Lagrangian density of matter describes the dynamics of matter. It depends on a specific type of matter that can be cosmic dust, gas, liquid, solid, or even dark matter. We will leave the choice of Lagrangian density of matter for later. Now let's consider the choice of the Lagrangian density for the gravitational field. The dynamic variables of the gravitational field in the new theory are a three-dimensional metric and a scalar function denoted by the letter g with...

Ruslan Sharipov 1 ... 9 10 11 ... ru The Lagrangian approach to deriving various equations is associated with the name of Joseph Louis Lagrange. Detailed information about him can be found in Wikipedia . In mechanics and in physics his name is associated with the so-called "least action principle". According to this principle, the evolution of a physical system occurs in such a way that some integral over time turns out to take the smallest possible value. This integral is called the action integral. It is usually denoted by the letter S. The function L in the integral S is called the Lagrange function or the Lagrangian. In field theories it is itself an integral over spatial variables. In the spatial integral L we see a function denoted by the same letter, but in a calligraphic style. This is the Lagrangian density. It is represented as the sum of two terms: the Lagrangian density of the gravitational field and the Lagrangian density of matter. We will d...

Ruslan A. Sharipov. 1 ... 8 9 10 ... ru We shall discuss the equations of the gravitational field in the new theory of gravity, which is called «3D-brane universe model». I am the author of this theory. Therefore, you will receive first-hand information without any distortion. The gravity equations in the new theory are subdivided into two groups. The equations of the first group have the form They depend on two indices i and j . When these indices are rearranged, the equations do not change. Therefore, different equations are obtained only for the following values of the indices: (i=1,j=1), (i=1,j=2), (i=1,j=3), (i=2,j=2), (i=2,j=3), (i=3,j=3). This means that the total number of different equations in the first group is 6. The second group of gravity equations in the new theory contains only one equation. As a result, the total number of the gravity equations in the new theory is 7. For comparison, the number of different gravity equations in Einstein’s ...

Ruslan A. Sharipov. 1 ... 7 8 9 ... ru ttt Einstein's equation was written by him in 1915. A historical essay about it can be found in Wikipedia . It captivated and captivates many people with its simplicity and elegance. In Wikipedia you will find this equation written with the plus sign in front of the constant Λ. I wrote it with the minus sign. This is my mistake. It was admitted long time ago in 1997, when I was writing my textbook “ Classical electrodynamics and  theory of relativity .” The Internet in Russia and in the city of Ufa was much less accessible that time than it is now. Also there was no Wikipedia; it appeared only in 2001. It was necessary to go to libraries and rummage through catalogs in search of even older textbooks. But I was lazy. In order not to contradict my textbook, I now write Einstein’s equation with the minus sign in front of Λ. This is not a big problem. It is enough to take the constant Λ itself with the opposite sign. Despite its vi...

Ruslan A. Sharipov. 1 ... 6 7 8 ... ru The “3D-brane universe model” is the name of a new non-Einsteinian theory of gravity. This theory is based on criticism and denial of the space-time as a material entity. However, it does not deny all the achievements of Einstein's theory and strives to digest and incorporate everything that is possible from Einstein's theory. In this article we analyze the elements of continuity between the two theories. In Einstein's theory gravity is described by a four-dimensional metric. It can be understood as a 4x4 matrix, which is shown in the figure to the left of the arrow. The components of this matrix depend on coordinates and time. Space-time in the new theory is subdivided into a foliation of 3D-branes. Each of these branes corresponds to one of the moments in the evolution of the real three-dimensional universe. The foliation of 3D-branes determines the choice of special coordinates, which are called comoving coordinates, an...

Ruslan A. Sharipov.  1 ... 5 6 7 ... ru The new theory here means the theory of gravity which is called “3D-brane model of the universe.” Light is an electromagnetic wave, and electromagnetism has been studied inside and out. There is only one speed of light in it. It is listed first on our list. The new theory also has one single speed of light. But, besides it, the new theory has several other speed constants. The second constant in our list is the speed of gravitational waves. The third one is the limiting speed for baryonic particles. And the fourth one is the limiting speed for non-baryonic particles. Some clarification is required here. In particle physics, baryons are particles composed of quarks and antiquarks with the baryon number equal to +1 or -1. In astrophysics and in the theory of gravity, a broader interpretation of this term is used. Baryons or baryonic matter here refers to all visible matter i.e. the matter that can absorb or emit light or can partic...

Ruslan A. Sharipov 1 ... 4 5 6 ... ru I have already told that in the new theory, which is called the “3D-brane universe model”, there is a dedicated infinite family of 3D-branes (see 3D-branes in the space-time ). It turns the space-time into a 3D-brane foliation. Each brane in this folation corresponds to a specific instant in the evolution of the universe. Only one of the branes corresponds to the current moment, that is, the instant of the present. It is that very brane that it has the prototype in the form of the real three-dimensional physical universe in its current state. The remaining branes correspond to past states of the universe that have ceased to exist, and its future states that have not yet formed. What is a brane time? This is a numerical function that is constant within each brane of the 3D-brane foliation and increases in the direction from the branes of the past to the branes of the future. In addition to this condition, the brane time function is usua...

Ruslan A. Sharipov 1 ... 3 4 5 ... ru In the new theory, which is called the 3D-brane universe model, there is a special infinite family of 3D-branes (see 3D-branes in the space-time ). It turns spacetime into a 3D brane foliation. Each brane in this foliation corresponds to a specific instant in the evolution of the universe. Only one of the branes corresponds to the current instant, that is, the instant of the present. It is that very brane that has the prototype in the form of the real three-dimensional physical universe in its current state. The remaining branes correspond to past states of the universe that have ceased to exist, and its future states that have not yet formed. Let us choose at each point of each 3D-brane the vector of unit length perpendicular to the brane and directed towards the future. Such vectors form the vector field of unit normal vectors to the branes. Each vector field has integral curves. This is a mathematical fact. Integral curves of a ve...

Ruslan A. Sharipov 1 2 3 4 ... ru The 3D brane model of the universe is the name of the new non-Einsteinian theory of gravity, of which I am the author. The new theory is based on a criticism of the concept of space-time (see Criticism of thespace-time sausage ). In Einstein's theory, the space-time is recognized as a four-dimensional physical continuum, having material existence in its entirety. In the new theory, space-time is just a product of our mind, a mathematical abstraction. It does not accumulate the past in a material form and does not contain the future in a ready-made physically formed form. Otherwise, the space-time of the new theory is very similar to the space-time of Einstein's theory. It is shown on the following picture. On the picture we see the subdivision of the space-time into the three-dimensional space and the one-dimensional time. The space is depicted in the form of slightly curved two-dimensional surfaces that do not intersect with each ot...

Ruslan A. Sharipov 1 2 3 ... ru I have already told that in Einstein’s theory of relativity the past does not disappear. (See Criticism of space-time sausage ). It accumulates layer by layer, receiving material from the present, and forms the four-dimensional space-time. The picture shows two layers in the form of two planes. In fact, the layers are not two-dimensional, but three-dimensional and there are not two of them, but infinitely many. They fill the entire four-dimensional space-time. If we do not consider the entire space-time, but limit ourselves to the boundaries of the planet Earth, we will end up with a space-time sausage. The entire history of planet Earth fits into a space-time sausage.  Stephen King offered an interesting look at the past in his science fiction novella “The Langoliers.” According to Stephen King, the past is not preserved in the space-time sausage, but is eaten by evil animals, which he called langoliers. The image is taken fro...

Ruslan A. Sharipov 1 2 3 ... ru The concept of space-time arose in the early 20th century in connection with Einstein's theory of relativity. It is a combination of three-dimensional space and one-dimensional time, which had previously been considered separately, into one four-dimensional continuum. We cannot depict a four-dimensional continuum graphically. Therefore we reduce the three-dimensional space to the two-dimensional space and reserve the third dimension for to image the time. As a result we get the following picture. The horizontal planes on the picture symbolize the states of the universe at different instants in time during its evolution. In fact, they are three-dimensional and there are not two of them, but infinitely many. They fill the entire four-dimensional space-time. Instead of considering the entire universe, we can limit ourselves to some part of it. For example, the globe. Then we get the following picture. The vertical cylindrical structure alo...